Šajā apmācībā jūs uzzināsiet, kā darbojas Kruskaļa algoritmi. Jūs atradīsit arī Kruskaļa algoritma darba piemērus C, C ++, Java un Python.
Kruskala algoritms ir minimālais aptveroša koka algoritms, kas ņem grafu kā ievadi un atrod šī grafika malu apakškopu, kas
- veido koku, kas ietver katru virsotni
- ir minimālā svaru summa starp visiem kokiem, kurus var veidot no diagrammas
Kā darbojas Kruskaļa algoritms
Tas ietilpst algoritmu klasē, ko sauc par mantkārīgiem algoritmiem, kuri atrod vietējo optimālu, cerot atrast globālo optimālu.
Mēs sākam no malām ar mazāko svaru un turpinām pievienot malas, līdz mēs sasniedzam savu mērķi.
Kruskala algoritma ieviešanas darbības ir šādas:
- Kārtojiet visas malas no maza svara līdz lielai
- Paņemiet malu ar mazāko svaru un pievienojiet to aptverošajam kokam. Ja pievienojot malu, tika izveidots cikls, tad noraidiet šo malu.
- Turpiniet pievienot malas, līdz mēs sasniedzam visas virsotnes.
Kruskaļa algoritma piemērs
Sāciet ar svērto diagrammu 
Izvēlieties malu ar vismazāko svaru, ja ir vairāk nekā 1, izvēlieties jebkuru. 
Izvēlieties nākamo īsāko malu un pievienojiet to. 
Izvēlieties nākamo īsāko malu, kas nerada ciklu, un pievienojiet to. 
Izvēlieties nākamo īsāko malu. tas nerada ciklu un to nepievieno. 
Atkārtojiet, līdz jums ir aptverošs koks
Kruskal algoritma pseidokods
Jebkurš minimālā aptverošā koka algoritms griežas ap pārbaudi, vai malas pievienošana rada cilpu vai nē.
Visizplatītākais veids, kā to uzzināt, ir algoritms ar nosaukumu Union FInd. Union-Find algoritms sadala virsotnes kopās un ļauj mums pārbaudīt, vai divas virsotnes pieder tai pašai kopai, un tādējādi izlemt, vai malas pievienošana rada ciklu.
KRUSKAL(G): A = ∅ For each vertex v ∈ G.V: MAKE-SET(v) For each edge (u, v) ∈ G.E ordered by increasing order by weight(u, v): if FIND-SET(u) ≠ FIND-SET(v): A = A ∪ ((u, v)) UNION(u, v) return A
Python, Java un C / C ++ piemēri
Python Java C C ++ # Kruskal's algorithm in Python class Graph: def __init__(self, vertices): self.V = vertices self.graph = () def add_edge(self, u, v, w): self.graph.append((u, v, w)) # Search function def find(self, parent, i): if parent(i) == i: return i return self.find(parent, parent(i)) def apply_union(self, parent, rank, x, y): xroot = self.find(parent, x) yroot = self.find(parent, y) if rank(xroot) rank(yroot): parent(yroot) = xroot else: parent(yroot) = xroot rank(xroot) += 1 # Applying Kruskal algorithm def kruskal_algo(self): result = () i, e = 0, 0 self.graph = sorted(self.graph, key=lambda item: item(2)) parent = () rank = () for node in range(self.V): parent.append(node) rank.append(0) while e < self.V - 1: u, v, w = self.graph(i) i = i + 1 x = self.find(parent, u) y = self.find(parent, v) if x != y: e = e + 1 result.append((u, v, w)) self.apply_union(parent, rank, x, y) for u, v, weight in result: print("%d - %d: %d" % (u, v, weight)) g = Graph(6) g.add_edge(0, 1, 4) g.add_edge(0, 2, 4) g.add_edge(1, 2, 2) g.add_edge(1, 0, 4) g.add_edge(2, 0, 4) g.add_edge(2, 1, 2) g.add_edge(2, 3, 3) g.add_edge(2, 5, 2) g.add_edge(2, 4, 4) g.add_edge(3, 2, 3) g.add_edge(3, 4, 3) g.add_edge(4, 2, 4) g.add_edge(4, 3, 3) g.add_edge(5, 2, 2) g.add_edge(5, 4, 3) g.kruskal_algo()
// Kruskal's algorithm in Java import java.util.*; class Graph ( class Edge implements Comparable ( int src, dest, weight; public int compareTo(Edge compareEdge) ( return this.weight - compareEdge.weight; ) ); // Union class subset ( int parent, rank; ); int vertices, edges; Edge edge(); // Graph creation Graph(int v, int e) ( vertices = v; edges = e; edge = new Edge(edges); for (int i = 0; i < e; ++i) edge(i) = new Edge(); ) int find(subset subsets(), int i) ( if (subsets(i).parent != i) subsets(i).parent = find(subsets, subsets(i).parent); return subsets(i).parent; ) void Union(subset subsets(), int x, int y) ( int xroot = find(subsets, x); int yroot = find(subsets, y); if (subsets(xroot).rank subsets(yroot).rank) subsets(yroot).parent = xroot; else ( subsets(yroot).parent = xroot; subsets(xroot).rank++; ) ) // Applying Krushkal Algorithm void KruskalAlgo() ( Edge result() = new Edge(vertices); int e = 0; int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < vertices; ++i) result(i) = new Edge(); // Sorting the edges Arrays.sort(edge); subset subsets() = new subset(vertices); for (i = 0; i < vertices; ++i) subsets(i) = new subset(); for (int v = 0; v < vertices; ++v) ( subsets(v).parent = v; subsets(v).rank = 0; ) i = 0; while (e < vertices - 1) ( Edge next_edge = new Edge(); next_edge = edge(i++); int x = find(subsets, next_edge.src); int y = find(subsets, next_edge.dest); if (x != y) ( result(e++) = next_edge; Union(subsets, x, y); ) ) for (i = 0; i < e; ++i) System.out.println(result(i).src + " - " + result(i).dest + ": " + result(i).weight); ) public static void main(String() args) ( int vertices = 6; // Number of vertices int edges = 8; // Number of edges Graph G = new Graph(vertices, edges); G.edge(0).src = 0; G.edge(0).dest = 1; G.edge(0).weight = 4; G.edge(1).src = 0; G.edge(1).dest = 2; G.edge(1).weight = 4; G.edge(2).src = 1; G.edge(2).dest = 2; G.edge(2).weight = 2; G.edge(3).src = 2; G.edge(3).dest = 3; G.edge(3).weight = 3; G.edge(4).src = 2; G.edge(4).dest = 5; G.edge(4).weight = 2; G.edge(5).src = 2; G.edge(5).dest = 4; G.edge(5).weight = 4; G.edge(6).src = 3; G.edge(6).dest = 4; G.edge(6).weight = 3; G.edge(7).src = 5; G.edge(7).dest = 4; G.edge(7).weight = 3; G.KruskalAlgo(); ) )
// Kruskal's algorithm in C #include #define MAX 30 typedef struct edge ( int u, v, w; ) edge; typedef struct edge_list ( edge data(MAX); int n; ) edge_list; edge_list elist; int Graph(MAX)(MAX), n; edge_list spanlist; void kruskalAlgo(); int find(int belongs(), int vertexno); void applyUnion(int belongs(), int c1, int c2); void sort(); void print(); // Applying Krushkal Algo void kruskalAlgo() ( int belongs(MAX), i, j, cno1, cno2; elist.n = 0; for (i = 1; i < n; i++) for (j = 0; j < i; j++) ( if (Graph(i)(j) != 0) ( elist.data(elist.n).u = i; elist.data(elist.n).v = j; elist.data(elist.n).w = Graph(i)(j); elist.n++; ) ) sort(); for (i = 0; i < n; i++) belongs(i) = i; spanlist.n = 0; for (i = 0; i < elist.n; i++) ( cno1 = find(belongs, elist.data(i).u); cno2 = find(belongs, elist.data(i).v); if (cno1 != cno2) ( spanlist.data(spanlist.n) = elist.data(i); spanlist.n = spanlist.n + 1; applyUnion(belongs, cno1, cno2); ) ) ) int find(int belongs(), int vertexno) ( return (belongs(vertexno)); ) void applyUnion(int belongs(), int c1, int c2) ( int i; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) if (belongs(i) == c2) belongs(i) = c1; ) // Sorting algo void sort() ( int i, j; edge temp; for (i = 1; i < elist.n; i++) for (j = 0; j elist.data(j + 1).w) ( temp = elist.data(j); elist.data(j) = elist.data(j + 1); elist.data(j + 1) = temp; ) ) // Printing the result void print() ( int i, cost = 0; for (i = 0; i < spanlist.n; i++) ( printf("%d - %d : %d", spanlist.data(i).u, spanlist.data(i).v, spanlist.data(i).w); cost = cost + spanlist.data(i).w; ) printf("Spanning tree cost: %d", cost); ) int main() ( int i, j, total_cost; n = 6; Graph(0)(0) = 0; Graph(0)(1) = 4; Graph(0)(2) = 4; Graph(0)(3) = 0; Graph(0)(4) = 0; Graph(0)(5) = 0; Graph(0)(6) = 0; Graph(1)(0) = 4; Graph(1)(1) = 0; Graph(1)(2) = 2; Graph(1)(3) = 0; Graph(1)(4) = 0; Graph(1)(5) = 0; Graph(1)(6) = 0; Graph(2)(0) = 4; Graph(2)(1) = 2; Graph(2)(2) = 0; Graph(2)(3) = 3; Graph(2)(4) = 4; Graph(2)(5) = 0; Graph(2)(6) = 0; Graph(3)(0) = 0; Graph(3)(1) = 0; Graph(3)(2) = 3; Graph(3)(3) = 0; Graph(3)(4) = 3; Graph(3)(5) = 0; Graph(3)(6) = 0; Graph(4)(0) = 0; Graph(4)(1) = 0; Graph(4)(2) = 4; Graph(4)(3) = 3; Graph(4)(4) = 0; Graph(4)(5) = 0; Graph(4)(6) = 0; Graph(5)(0) = 0; Graph(5)(1) = 0; Graph(5)(2) = 2; Graph(5)(3) = 0; Graph(5)(4) = 3; Graph(5)(5) = 0; Graph(5)(6) = 0; kruskalAlgo(); print(); )
// Kruskal's algorithm in C++ #include #include #include using namespace std; #define edge pair class Graph ( private: vector
G; // graph vector
T; // mst int *parent; int V; // number of vertices/nodes in graph public: Graph(int V); void AddWeightedEdge(int u, int v, int w); int find_set(int i); void union_set(int u, int v); void kruskal(); void print(); ); Graph::Graph(int V) ( parent = new int(V); //i 0 1 2 3 4 5 //parent(i) 0 1 2 3 4 5 for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) parent(i) = i; G.clear(); T.clear(); ) void Graph::AddWeightedEdge(int u, int v, int w) ( G.push_back(make_pair(w, edge(u, v))); ) int Graph::find_set(int i) ( // If i is the parent of itself if (i == parent(i)) return i; else // Else if i is not the parent of itself // Then i is not the representative of his set, // so we recursively call Find on its parent return find_set(parent(i)); ) void Graph::union_set(int u, int v) ( parent(u) = parent(v); ) void Graph::kruskal() ( int i, uRep, vRep; sort(G.begin(), G.end()); // increasing weight for (i = 0; i < G.size(); i++) ( uRep = find_set(G(i).second.first); vRep = find_set(G(i).second.second); if (uRep != vRep) ( T.push_back(G(i)); // add to tree union_set(uRep, vRep); ) ) ) void Graph::print() ( cout << "Edge :" << " Weight" << endl; for (int i = 0; i < T.size(); i++) ( cout << T(i).second.first << " - " << T(i).second.second << " : " << T(i).first; cout << endl; ) ) int main() ( Graph g(6); g.AddWeightedEdge(0, 1, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(0, 2, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(1, 2, 2); g.AddWeightedEdge(1, 0, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 0, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 1, 2); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 3, 3); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 5, 2); g.AddWeightedEdge(2, 4, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(3, 2, 3); g.AddWeightedEdge(3, 4, 3); g.AddWeightedEdge(4, 2, 4); g.AddWeightedEdge(4, 3, 3); g.AddWeightedEdge(5, 2, 2); g.AddWeightedEdge(5, 4, 3); g.kruskal(); g.print(); return 0; )
Kruskal's vs Prim's algoritms
Prim's algoritms ir vēl viens populārs minimālais aptverošā koka algoritms, kas izmanto citu loģiku, lai atrastu grafika MST. Tā vietā, lai sāktu no malas, Prim algoritms sākas no virsotnes un turpina pievienot mazākā svara malas, kas nav kokā, līdz visas virsotnes ir pārklātas.
Kruskaļa algoritmu sarežģītība
Kruskaļa algoritma laika sarežģītība ir: O (E log E).
Kruskal's Algorithm Applications
- Lai izkārtotu elektroinstalāciju
- Datoru tīklā (LAN savienojums)
